Explicit Learning of Arbitrary and Non-Arbitrary Action–Effect Relations in Adults and 4-Year-Olds
Identifieur interne : 000188 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000187; suivant : 000189Explicit Learning of Arbitrary and Non-Arbitrary Action–Effect Relations in Adults and 4-Year-Olds
Auteurs : Stephan A. Verschoor [Pays-Bas] ; Rena M. Eenshuistra [Pays-Bas] ; Jutta Kray [Allemagne] ; Szilvia Biro [Pays-Bas] ; Bernhard Hommel [Pays-Bas]Source :
- Frontiers in Psychology [ 1664-1078 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Ideomotor theories claim that carrying out a movement that produces a perceivable effect creates a bidirectional association between the two, which can then be used by action control processes to retrieve the associated action by anticipating its outcome. Previous implicit-learning studies have shown that practice renders novel but action-contingent stimuli effective retrieval cues of the action they used to follow, suggesting that experiencing sequences of actions and effects creates bidirectional action–effect associations. We investigated whether action–effect associations are also acquired under explicit learning conditions and whether familiar action–effect relations (such as between a trumpet and a trumpet sound) are learned the same way as novel, arbitrary relations are. We also investigated whether these factors affect adults and 4-year-old children equally. Findings suggest that explicit learning produces the same bidirectional action–effect associations as implicit-learning does, that non-arbitrary relations improve performance without affecting learning
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00354
PubMed: 22375130
PubMed Central: 3286833
Affiliations:
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Verschoor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition</institution><country>Leiden, Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eenshuistra, Rena M" sort="Eenshuistra, Rena M" uniqKey="Eenshuistra R" first="Rena M." last="Eenshuistra">Rena M. 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Previous implicit-learning studies have shown that practice renders novel but action-contingent stimuli effective retrieval cues of the action they used to follow, suggesting that experiencing sequences of actions and effects creates bidirectional action–effect associations. We investigated whether action–effect associations are also acquired under explicit learning conditions and whether familiar action–effect relations (such as between a trumpet and a trumpet sound) are learned the same way as novel, arbitrary relations are. We also investigated whether these factors affect adults and 4-year-old children equally. Findings suggest that explicit learning produces the same bidirectional action–effect associations as implicit-learning does, that non-arbitrary relations improve performance without affecting learning <italic>per se</italic>, and that adults and young children show equivalent performance – apart from the common observation that children have greater difficulty to withstand stimulus-induced action tendencies.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arcediano, F" uniqKey="Arcediano F">F. Arcediano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escobar, M" uniqKey="Escobar M">M. Escobar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, R R" uniqKey="Miller R">R. R. Miller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, J" uniqKey="Duncan J">J. Duncan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eenshuistra, R M" uniqKey="Eenshuistra R">R. M. Eenshuistra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weidema, M A" uniqKey="Weidema M">M. A. Weidema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hommel, B" uniqKey="Hommel B">B. Hommel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elsner, B" uniqKey="Elsner B">B. Elsner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hommel, B" uniqKey="Hommel B">B. Hommel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elsner, B" uniqKey="Elsner B">B. Elsner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hommel, B" uniqKey="Hommel B">B. Hommel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fenker, D" uniqKey="Fenker D">D. Fenker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waldmann, M R" uniqKey="Waldmann M">M. R. Waldmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holyoak, K J" uniqKey="Holyoak K">K. J. Holyoak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gopnik, A" uniqKey="Gopnik A">A. 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